The relationship between firms and households

The relationship between firms and households1.0 IntroductionFactors of labor be land, promote chief city and entrepreneurship. Households atomic number 18 the owners of chemical elements of involvement and the firms are users of factors of production. Firms use households (factors of production) to pay factor incomes which is rent, wages, quest and pull ahead. Firms go away use factor of production to produce return in the track of goods and run, which leave behind be purchased by the household. In this way household incur their expenditures.1.1 proboscis placard pay heed diagram is the ocular model of economy which shows how money hang ups through the markets among household and firms. Circular f get-go model consists of four sepa prize models which each sequenti in ally adding sectors or markets and likewise thus providing the greater complexity and realism. The four flows are flow factors of production from households to firms, flow of incomes from firms to household, flow of output of goods and services from firms to households and lastly flow of expenditures from households to firms.1.1.1 Circular Flow Diagram http//wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Circular_flow_of_goods_income.png/350px-Circular_flow_of_goods_income.pngAbove gamin flow diagram divides the economy into two sectors which is one concerned with the producing goods and services, and the separate with consuming them. All the four flows which has been stated as been illustrated in the placard flow above. In the diagram the outer flows of incomes and expenditures are flows of money and the inside flows of factors of productions and outputs are the flows of goods and services.1.1.2 HouseholdsHouseholds have the main function because they are the workers and likewise consumers. So they provide labour to firms and compensated with wages from the firms. different so that as consumers they in like manner bargain for goods and services from firms which constitutes as consumer expenditure.1.1.3 FirmsFirms are the producers of goods and services. Labour and peachy is the input of the production process. Labour comes from households where wages are paid and the capital investment can be funded either by retained clams or borrowing from the financial sector.1.1.4 Relationship between Households and FirmsIn a daily life archetype we are consumers who are working for a firm to earn wages. Because we working for the company the company makes profit and gain their production in their goods and services. When we are the households we receive wages from firms and we use it to buy goods and services produce by firms.2.0 Withdrawals and InjectionsWithdrawals take place when at that place are movements of funds out of the circular flow in income. The three all important(p) things in withdrawals are savings (S), Taxation (T) and Imports (M). In Savings households habitude be spent all the factors income received on the current or flus h immediate intake. Households also prefer to keep most for time to come or deferred consumption. For exercising households make their saving in the form of deposits at financial institutions such as banks.Taxation is where households have to pay to the government as taxes from their income. For example when household receive their wages their will be a deduction column as their income tax. Imports is where households willing to buy goods and services from abroad rather than consuming domestically produced goods and services.An injection takes place when there are movements of funds into the circular flow of incomes. The three important things in injection are Investments (I), Government expenditure (G) and Exports (X). In Investments households saved income which was deferred consumption there are later invested back in the circular flow/economy. In government expenditures government use all the taxes received from households and past its creates in flow of funds back into the circular flow. For example government expenditure includes road building, construction and more(prenominal). Government use the lend taxes which had collected from household to build road, hospital, buildings and opposite. In exports firms may sell some of their goods and services to foreign countries. In the economy expenditure from the foreign countries by foreigners becomes an injection.2.1 Withdrawals and Injections diagramUntitled.jpg3.0 Total Withdrawals equal wit Total Injectionsmmmm.jpgIn the terms of the spread out circular flow of the income model the state of equilibrium takes parts when the issue forth withdrawals that occur in the economy. It can be proven asSavings + Imports +Taxes = Investment + Government Spending + ExportsORS + M+T = I + G + X4.0 ConclusionDisequilibrium is the stage where the economical action at law is not equal, and it is where withdrawals become greater than injections or even withdrawals less than injections, where also k right offn as the stage of equilibrium when Withdrawals equal with injections.(693 WORDS)5.0 Bibliography1. Mankiw, Gregory N. Principles of Economics. 4th edition, 2007 Thomson Southwestern,2. Sloman, lavatory (1999), Economics, 3rd edition, Pretice Economics.3. Graeme Chambelin, Lind Yueh (2006), Macro economic science, Thomson Learning.QUESTION 21.0 IntroductionThe fluctuations in the level of the economics activities of a country over time are often be the best illustrated by the Business Trade Cycles. Business consider daily round is also known as the periodic fluctuation in the rate of the economic activity as it been measured by levels of employment, prices and also production.1.1 BodyThe four main concepts in business trade round of drinkss are broad employment, unemployment, recession and inflation. Full employment takes place at the level of economic activity when all available at factors of production are fully utilized. In the business trade cycles, there is upward swings and al so down(prenominal) swings. The periods of adversity are alternate with the periods of business prosperity. Every boom is followed by a vice versa and also a slump. This business trade cycle is simply means that the whole course of trade or even business activity which is passes through all the somas of prosperity and also adversity.2.0 Phrases in Business Trade Cyclemk.jpg2.1 Phases in Business Trade CycleEconomists rattling divided the business cycles into two main phases which is feeling and recovery then boom and slump. Boom and slump mark turning points in the cycles.2.1.1 embossmentIn this phase, the whole economy will be in depression mode and the business is at the lowest stage. Other than that the general get power of the familiarity is very low. In the productive activity, both production of consumer goods and the production of capital goods are at the low level. There are some of the main characteristics in depression. Depression makes the amount of production and trade shrinks. It is also increases unemployment and the overall prices become decreases. All the profits and wages decreases and the income of the community fall at a very low level. Other than that blend expenditure together with the effective demand also goes down. For example if a firm receiving a new investment or replacement investment they will make it delay as long as they are possible to go for it. Other than that in investment trust markets the prices of all shares and securities will be fallen to a very low level. Even in practically all the construction activity no matter in buildings or machinery comes to an end.2.1.2 RecoveryRecovery is also known as expansion. In this phase the depression period comes to an end. In recovery phase all the economic situations become favourable. As money become cheap it makes the other materials and also factors of production easy and cheap. Here the conglobation demand becomes low aggregate yield. Other than that the productive acti vity also has been increased and the entrepreneurs also have sufficient financial backing. This makes the further investment and production increased. For example when a construction company ends all their projects in depression phase, now the same company will start receiving orders and employing more employees to create more income and employment. Lastly the whole economy will be moving fleet towards the boom phase.2.1.3 BoomBoom is also known as bang phase and it is a turning point in trade cycle. This phase is the highest point in economic recovery. In this phase there is a large number of production and also trade. There is also a high level of employment and also the job opportunities in particular amount to permit a good deal of labour mobility. sum total Demand will be equal with substance supply. Overall it makes the prices rise. Other then that it also makes a rising structure in interest rates so then a bullish tendency rules makes stock exchanges. For example when a construction company starts to make more profit and inverse more the will improve their business and may guide more employees. So then it makes the company offer more employment and it also makes the company get high level of investment.2.1.4 fadeoutRecession is the sharp slow down in the economic activity, but cold-shoulder different from depression which is more severe and also pronged downturn. merge demand is low then aggregate supply. As the depression created the conditions of recovery, it is similarly and the boom conditions generate their own checks. All the idle factors have been employed and also further demand must raise their prices, but the gauge is also inferior. In this phase there should be less cost-effective workers which have been taken for higher wages. The interest rates will rises and also other materials. Finally the costs have started to upward swing.3.0 ConclusionMacroeconomics is generally associate to the balance between Aggregate Demand and Aggre gate supply in the whole economy/country. If the aggregate Demand becomes higher than Aggregate Supply the excess demand will be cause inflation. If the aggregate Demand becomes lower than aggregate supply, then the insufficient demand will cause recession and unemployment.(796 WORDS)

Existence Precedes Essence Essay

universe Precedes Essence EssayExistence Precedes EssenceAccording to metaphysics, vegetable marrow precedes come throughence. This content that any object, if it has to come into existence its idea should exist in the mastermind of the creator. For example, if we want to build a house, an idea of how the house ordain escort like, its features and location must take place in our mind its essence should be there before it can come into existence. However blue jean Paul Sartre implies that existence precedes essence in valet beingnesss. Sartre believes that the self or body or in other words, the existence comes into being initiative and then after the tender being has entered this world he defines or makes up his essence or nature by his inter exploition with the surroundings, tribe and opportunities around him. According to Sartre, every human being is defined or made essenti completelyy by development of his character through his condemnation and interaction with the world and its people.Sartre also argues that because each human being is needy to interact and make their own choices, the onus of these choices comes in the form of primitive freedom and responsibility. Every human being is responsible for their own actions and its consequences through the decisions that have been made by him. Behavior, whether good or bad cannot be justified by making it a part of a human beings nature or essence (Cline, n.d). People make their own choices and decisions and act accordingly and therefore any results that their actions might bear are the fix responsibility of the qualities that have been developed by that person. According to Sartre, the proverb, as you sow, so shall you reap defines his main idea of existential philosophyThe implication for this comes to the fact that independently we are responsible for our own actions but collectively as a mankind our actions shape the world around us and the future generations will learn from these and shape their characters or nature.Friedrich Nietzsche also believed that people can and be truly free when they free themselves from religion and faith in God. His famous remark God is dead echoes this ideology. The Christian church preached that all human beings were equal and that the after world was essentially of more impressiveness than the present world, this according to Nietzsche undermined a human beings ability to excel and lay him in the same line as a common individual. He was highly influenced by Darwins theory survival of the fittest and believed that this kind of preaching undermined human beings true electric potential. According to Nietzsche anything that gave power to man and the will to power to take those actions was good and any form of weakness which according to him came by being moral and faithful was bad. In this case, since Christianity instilled in its believers moral values and the apparitional way of living, Nietzsche declared that the only way to achi eve true potential and endure pain in the real world and truly digest life was to detach from God (Crowell, 2004)Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs which consists of five levels videlicet physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self actualization which is also the highest level of needs a person can achieve (cited in Burger, n.d). This relates to Sartres thesis that human beings exist and then define themselves by developing their nature and interacting with their surroundings. Maslow is essentially verbalize the same thing that a person who exists in this world moves towards fulfilment of his personal goals through decisions at varying levels of what he needs from the familiarity in terms of food, shelter and a place among friends and family which helps him achieve the go away stage of fulfillment of self actualization where he is able to give back to the society in terms of his experiences and the knowledge and development of morals and character that has led him to lea d a successful life essentially and give back to mankind.ReferencesBurger, D. (n.d.).Phenomenological perspectives on change. Retrieved March 22nd, 2010 from http//www.themanager.org/Strategy/Phenomenological_Perspectives_on_Change_-_Daniel_Burger.pdfCline, A. (n.d.).Existence precedes essence themes and ideas in existentialist thought. Retrieved March 22nd, 2010 from http//atheism.about.com/od/existentialistthemes/a/existence.htmCrowell, S. (2004). Existentialism.Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved (2010, March 22) from http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/

An Introduction To Multiculturalism The Concept Sociology Essay

An Introduction To Multi culturalism The Concept Sociology EssayThe definition of multiculturalism depends a huge deal upon the context in which it is discussed. Concept of multiculturalism is constantly varying as more great deal make their voices heard to a recurrently increase audience. Multiculturalism implies the distinct perspectives plead develop and maintain by means of varieties of experience and background familiarity stemming from racial, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation and/or class differences in our order.Multiculturalism is the acceptance or promotion of various ethnic cultures. It is diversity legitimate to the demographic fabricate of a specific place, often at the organizational level, e.g. schools, businesses, neighborhoods, cities or nations. In this context, multiculturalists advocate ex being equitable status to distinct ethnic and spectral groups without promoting any(prenominal) specific ethnic, religious, and/or cultural participation value as central.Multiculturalism should observe the ideals of equality, equity, freedom and respect for some iodins and groups as a principle fundamental to the achiever of a nation.Background of British macrocosm Life Style that emb scats Multiculturalism the growingBritian is one of Europes most multi-cultural nations. at that place are a bet of form _or_ system of politics drivers and historical happening that start led Britian to evolve into multicultural society that it is to mean solar day. There is no infliction of immigration in the 1914 and 1948 Nationality Acts. Immigration remained low, just until after 1948. In 1953 the total build of immigrants to Britain was 2000 and by the end of the scratch half of 1962 the number had risen to 94,500.The 1948 British Nationality Act established verifying immigration rights to Citizens of Commonwealth countries. Britain experienced an increase in immigration grade in post war era repayable to deficiency of labor. ab in itio men alone came to Britain for jobs barely in late 1960s and premature seventies their families joined them. These included mostly Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and Buddhists as well as Christians and they frametled in London, in the Midlands and the North and in the seaport towns of Liverpool and Cardiff.The immigration load of 1960s and aboriginal seventies made UK an ethnic solelyy and conscientiously various residential area. The idea that the immigrant would in the long run merge and become part of the military culture which was tending(p) in mid-50s was rejected. These communities develop their own cultural values. racial tension increased and by the end of 1950s immigrants were subjected to unprovoked racial attacks. This resulted in the notion that immigration and race relations were politic altogethery moot issues and there was a growing campaign to introduce immigration controls. amid 1950 and 1955 certain control measures were adopted to reduce the influx to Uk as the number of West Indian, Indian and Pakistani immigrants increased. But in spite of the exigent immigration insurance policy the population of immigrants is still growingOver the survive decade most of the immigrants came from the Indian subcontinent or the Caribbean, i.e. from former British colonies. In 2004 the number of people who became British citizens rose to a record 140,795 a rise of 12% on the previous year. This number had risen dramatically since 2000. The huge majority of new citizens come from Africa (32%) and Asia (40%), the largest three groups being people from Pakistan, India and Somalia.This resulted in changes to the British way of life and the UK became known as a multicultural community. However, more juvenilely the term multiculturalism is becoming a contested concept both in sociological discourse and in recent policy making.The term multiculturalism is generally thought to have arisen in Britain in a speech by the then Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins in 1966. get on with this term is current in the UK there are often instances where local anaesthetic politics john serve to exclude minority cultures while promoting the values of the dominant white culture. Multiculturalism is withal a term which describes aspects of social policy. Multiculturalism is employ in a number of ways which poop serve all to celebrate difference or to act as a uphold for what, in any real terms, is an opposite form of enforced assimilation. It also directs to be recognized that respective(a) ethnic groups now lie in of large numbers of people who have been born in Britain.Ca practice sessions for simplification in Peoples Moral Value and Multi-cultural Understandings of Harmony in UK1. Materialistic Lifestyles and leave out of religious Influences Nowdays people are inclined towards economic advancement preferably than social advancement on basis of sticking to the moral values. comfort has been taken over by extravagent life styles and ext ra needs. This brings human cirlce of expression and brings about significant impact on the entire social fabric.There is lack of religious and spiritual influences on people, and they do not tend to believe in virtues and moralities. In the The Twi rest of a Great Civilization, with destination to lack of religious influences on nations and consequent emergence of immoralities, Theologian Carl total heat stated that there is no fixed truth, no final good, no ultimate meaning or purpose, and that the living God is a uninitiate illusion it champions mysticism, occult forces and powers, communion with nature and exotic religions. This concept of illusional God is taking up roots in various sections of British society.2. Fragmented Family Structure A dysfunctional family is detrimental to the development of an idiosyncratic and usually results in low self-morale. Among the numerous factors for the deterioration of morals among the youth, such as lack of religious education and appreciation and peer pressure, a dysfunctional family were stated as the leading causes.The family is the basic building blocks of society. deprave whether sexual, physical, emotional, or mental is a very(prenominal) real and crippling problem in families today. preadolescent adults, couples and elderly struggle with anxiety, depression, panic attacks, sex addiction, abuse, incest, peace disorders, divorce, mid-life illness, death and many more problems. The family has dramatically changed over the last 30 years. This results in the deterioration of morals, values, beliefs, priorities, and life styles. Such disjointed social systems where an individual is so aloof from family would definitely show rejection and lack of trust to another(prenominal) members of the society especially those from alien cultures. Lack of harmony in family structures ultimately lead to lack of harmony in multi-cultural society.3. Disillusioned Youth Young people are taught in our schools and colleg es that ethics, morals, right and wrong depend upon the situation. many t to each oneers and professors use the concept of Values Clarification to inculcate students that their desires represent valid moral and ethical values. Many of these people have come of age and are among our highest leaders today. Morality is vital in all areas of society. It is the vituperative education young people obtain that imparts ethical values that adorn with lasting benefits. Todays teachings produce mixed results.Name calling and bulling due to racialism is prevalent in British schools and educational systems. This causes discomfort to students from other cultures and creates thought of disharmony.4. Negative Messages by Media Billboards, magazines, TV commercials, music videos all portray messages of sex, fierceness and extravagant lifestyles. Blood gore horror flicks or action packed ones are all full of images of craze. Even video games have fixings of adventure by infusing streaks of violence by use of guns, explosives, daggers. These channels of icon to voilence makes us prone to being emotionally insensitive, and enhance trends of agression, anger and violence in the society. Violent and aggressive trends call up for dis-harmony amongst various segments of multi-cultural society.5. racialist Behavior Racists do not like foreign people who stick up in the UK, either as immigrants or as visitors. Racist bearing is more widespread in areas where there are many immigrants or in towns where there are many international students. Racist behavior implies the use of slang expressions.The British Crime stare reveals that in 2004, 87,000 people from black or minority ethnic communities said they had been a dupe of a racially motivated crime. They had suffered 49,000 violent attacks, with 4,000 being wounded. At the similar time 92,000 white people said they had also fallen dupe of a racially motivated crime. The number of violent attacks against whites reached 77, 000, while the number of white people who reported being wounded was five time the number of black and minority ethnic victims at 20,000. Most of the offenders (57%) in the racially motivated crimes identified in the British Crime Survey are not white. White victims said 82% of offenders were not white.6. Hatered Flared due to Terrorist Attacks According to a report by BBC race-hate crimes increased by roughly 600 per cent in London in the month after the July 7 bomb attacks, with 269 more offenses allegedly motivated by religious detestation reported to the Metropolitan Police, compared to the same period last year.1Muslim community living in Britian becomes subjected to harsh attitudes because they are all believed to be from terrorist groups. Religious leaders of Muslim groups hold the view that politics and race bodies for prosecute a policy which, he claims, has alienated Muslims. These views were stated to be comic by the Commission for Racial Equality. This rift between those representing Muslim community and the Commission for Racial Equality reflect a deep set sense of opposing views.Suggestions to Enhance Understanding and Harmony amongst heterogeneous Sections of British lodgeMedia Propagation Media can play a vital spot in promoting peace and harmony oriented messages.Role of nurtureal Systems Children and students should be taught respect and tolerance for other cultural and religious trends prevalent. They must be taught to tolerate and accept rather than to retaliate and reject. learners from different ethnic backgrounds should be encouraged to share knowledge about their cultural heritage, and the teacher can add the element of fun and interactive learning in the safe and sound process, so that the students affiliate positivity with this exercise. At higher educational level, knowledge can be shared on wider platforms done tutorial, or reason discussions.Role of regime and Legal Bodies Fair and transparent government mechanism s, policy making, and legal frame turn. Human rights should be followed rigidly and justice should be useable to all regardless(prenominal) of color, race or religion.Role of pacification Organizations Various organizations can come into play to drive peace and harmony campaigns. For example, quietness Boat has been active in the field of education for peace and sustainability through the organization of educational voyages, based on lectures, workshops and study-exchange programmes both onboard the ship and in ports of call. Their Global University and International Student (IS) programmes provide mod approaches to peace and sustainability-related studies through intensive learning onboard and direct exposure to issues in various countries.Equal Opportunities and Freedom to Express Cultural Values disposal should chequer equal opportunities regarding availability of basic necessities, housing, education, health care, employment should be available to all the communities and social stratas of UK. People should not feel rough to expressing their cultural norms in anyway. Law should be made flexible to drop by the wayside people to wear hijabs and veils (Muslim women), turbans (Sikhs) etc at work and educational places. Government should ensure that the performance of various religious cultural activities and festivals are not hindered in any way.Changes at Individual Level At the end of the day all these suggestions can add up to be nil if each one of us individually fails to take others as they are. Each one of us must work and evaluate our holistic approach of breathing out about things. No one can compel us to debunk tolerance or respect towards other communities unless we feel the need to do so within ourselves. The question might be Why the need to change anyway? The answer Change for a secure, peaceful and brighter tomorrowPolicy Areas to be covered by Government to Promote a Multi-cultural SocietyIn UK 50 years ago, when for the first time th e rig of mass immigration was experienced, the need for policy, political and legal changes was felt. With this the concern of the Government was to integrate and assimilate the incoming groups into host communities.Policy making is very crucial as it can help in formulating policies which helps in find out the representation which various ethnicities receives in television or press. It helps in determine the code of conduct for these communities, the dress code, and content of education, the freedom for observing religious holidays and to celebrate festivals.With the years Multiculturalism has initiated many disputes but the The UK Government has focused less on establishment of multicultural policy and more on issues of comprehension and gluiness.While it was principally ignored under Margaret Thatchers Government the success of freshly Labor has meant that the term has grow to be a common silver in political debate and in policy making. In 1997 the ODPM was given task for a social exclusion unit which aims to embark on research into a number of different areas. Social cellular inclusion and cohesion are not just used in relation to diverse ethnic groups but are the basis for policy making in a number of other areas such as mental health, early years education and homelessness. prints of inclusion cover a host of areas and can range from the numbers of ethnic minorities using childcare facilities, to those undertaking shape up education of some kind to increase their employment prospects.Policy making aimed at reducing inequalities in both the labor and the housing market. In order to be successful anti-racist strategies need to be multi-faceted and aimed at subjective, institutional, and morphological racism. Past policies have been deficiently focused because there is no clear consensus in Britain what equal opportunity and multiculturalism mean either in ideological or practical terms. According to a Policy Studies Institute (1982) report anchor that in the majority of diverse ethnic communities rates of unemployment were twice as elevated among these groups as they were in the governing host group. There is a continuing disparity in terms of wages, exclusionary modes of hiring and higher unemployment rates, certain ethnic groups experience greater success in the labor market than do others. Housing policies also tend to discriminate against asylum seekers/refugees and other diverse ethnic groups. Clearly there are problems in the categorization of diverse ethnic groups and in present policy making, which, instead of greater inclusion sometimes tends to further leave out such groups.In the light of above mentioned scenario of policy decisions and proceedings, it is suggested that to sustain and conjure up a healthy Multi-cultural Society the Government should address the following policy areas1. sparing Policy Areas Economic policies should attract intellectual capital, trade, skilled migration, education, tourism, and s cience/technology. Establish partnerships between government agencies and business, industry, tourism, and education sectors to fight and maximize the economic advantages of cultural diversity and promote the State as a destination to work and live together. erupt supporting strategies for multiculturalism in international relations, tourism, trade and export areas. Develop educational and promotional activities to increase awareness of the economic benefits of multiculturalism. Develop strategies in the earth sector to better capture the benefits of a diverse workforce.2. Policies to Support Communities Policies should be developed for funding and investing in communities to further multiculturalism through research, policy development, advocacy, community awareness, festivals, services, projects and networks. Policies should be formulated in consultation with agencies and stakeholders in the community and across government on multicultural affairs.3. Policies to Strengthen Mul ticulturalism in the in the public eye(predicate) Sector Government agencies should ensure that regardless of cultural and linguistic backgrounds, all communities have equal access to services.4. Policies to Strengthen Community relations and anti-racism Policies should be designed for strengthening the sense of belonging in their local purlieu and in the global community. Policies should be taken up to promote decreed and cohesive community relations across the whole community through a renewed community relations plan.5. Policies to Develop Multicultural Education in British Schools Educational systems should be developed keeping in view the requirements and cultural backgrounds of students coming from various backgrounds. Methods of teaching and interaction should promote multi-cultural harmony amongst the students.6. Policies for Equal Opportunities Policies should be developed to eunsure that people from all communities have equal access to basic necessities, housing, ed ucation, health care, and employmentTransparency in Government OperationsTransparency in government operations leave alone definitely bring in good understanding between different sections of society. In principle, a basic requirement for transparency in the overall structure and functions of government is a clear demarcation of the boundaries between the ordinary and private sectors and, within the former, between different levels of government with respect to the state enterprise sector.2Transparent government operations would mean sound government policies, administrative frameworks, finances, good governance, and overall fiscal integrity. Transparent government operations would be accountable to all the communities dwelling in the UK. It would clearly blot provision of rights, protection by law and facilities by the government to the people. This would get together a sense of justice and equality in the society and indeed promote greater level of social security and harmon y.Role of Public in Promoting Harmony and UnderstandingPublic can play a major role in promoting harmony by abiding by the law and respecting multicultural policies. As discussed earlier each one of use must develop a sense of tolerance and respect for other members of the society. Public can actively participate in other communities cultural activities and not only promote a sense of harmony but also learn about other cultures. At homes parents must teach their children how to respect and deal politely with foreign children at schools. At work place, shopping malls, community centers we must learn to respect and treat all members of the community equally.***********************REFRENCESGiddens, A., Sociology, 2001, 4th Edition, Cambridge, Polity Press.Skellington R. and Morris, P., Race in Britain Today, 1992, London, Sage.Braham, P. Rattansi, A. and Skellington, R., Racism and Antiracism, 1982, London, Sage.The root of Multiculturalism, Retrieved on 21st March 2010, from http//ww w.law-essays-uk.com/free-essays/multi-culturalism-in-social-policy.phpWinnail, Douglas S., Moral Decline Ahead, 2002, Volume 4, Issue 4, Retrieved on 19th March 2010 from http//www.tomorrows domain of a function.org/cgi-bin/tw/tw-mag.cgi?category=Magazine19item=1104106519Daniel, Finaz and Begawan, Bandar SeriConcern over decline in moral values, February 21, 2008, The Brunei Times, Retrieved on 20th March 2010, from http//www.bt.com.bn/en/home_news/2008/02/21/concern_over_decline_in_moral_valuesRacism, UK Student Life 2002-2009, Retrieved 19th March 2010 from http//www.ukstudentlife.com/Personal/Safety.htmRacismRacism in the United Kingdom , Retrieved 19th March 2010 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdomcite_note-3cite_note-3Freeman, Simon, Britain urged to wake up to race crisis, The Times, September 22, 2005, Retrieved on 20th March 2010, from http//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article569491.eceMuslims alienated by UK policy, October, 2001, Retriev ed on 20th March 2010 from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1630513.stmTatsuya, Yoshioka and Mari, Kushibuchi, Education for Peace Sustainability, Peace Boat, Retrieved on 19th March 2010 from http//www.peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_ckey=240Braham, P. Rattansi, A. and Skellington, Racism and Antiracism, 1992, London, Sage.Solomos, J and Back, L., Racism and Society, 1996, London, Macmillan Press.Modood, T. and Berthood R., Ethnic Minorities in Britain Diversities and Disadvantage, 1997, London, PSI.Multicultural Queensland making a world of difference, 2004, Queensland Government Multicultural Policy, Retrieved on 21st March 2010 from http//www.multicultural.qld.gov.au/media/maq_making_world_difference_policy.pdfTransparency in government operations, Retrieved on 20th March 2010, from http//www.questia.com/googleScholar.qstjsessionid=LyCV9MlnLPYpsTFdkCRBW0jF039GFrJhRMnS6WNP54VSvCvQ9M1G144947719-2000885492?docId=5001407337

Vitamin D Impact on the Liver and Kidney

Vitamin D bushel on the Liver and KidneyRevised vitamin D copySources and forms of vitamin DVitamin D, excessively termed calciferol, is a fat-soluble secosteroid compound that is an essential restrictive work out for atomic number 20 and ortho inorganic orthophosphate metamorphosis in humans and animals. Its biological functions involve a physiological save in tog out formation and mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve head modulation and transmission as sanitary as m both cellular metabolic government issueuates in various variety meat. There atomic number 18 ii forms of vitamin D that argon metabolically important vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol and vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol. The nutritional sources of both forms are limited to certain types of fodders that naturally stick out vitamin D and thence it is added to some foods as a supplement.1.1.1- Exogenous (Diet) some(prenominal) forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) are exogenously obtained in showtime quantit ies from some types of food in the diet. Vitamin D2 is rare as it is produced from fungal and plant sources much(prenominal) as mushrooms and cereals, as a allow for of irradiation, by ultraviolet photons, of the plant sterol ergosterol. When these foods are ingested, ergocalciferol is absorbed into the gillyflower. Vitamin D3 , on the opposite hand, is available in very(prenominal) low amounts from animal sources including oily fish much(prenominal) as pink-orange and mackerel other sources include meat, colorful, cheese, cod liver oil, eggs and fortified foods much(prenominal) as margarine and milk (Holick, 2006 Engelsen et al., 2005 Nowson et al., 2004). Farmed salmon, for example, contains only 25% of the vitamin D levels birth in wild salmon, however, the amount of vitamin D in plunderned food may affected by modern demonst respecting methods (Chen et al., 2007).1.1.2- EndogenousIn humans the principal precursor of vitamin D3 is cholesterol which is obtained from the diet. Cholesterol is initially converted to 7-dehydrocholesterol, provitamin D3, finished the action of enzymes termed the mucosal dehydrogenase complex, present in the abject intestine. Provitamin D3, is thence incorpo wood pussyed within chylomicrons and transported to the skin where temperature dependent photoisomerisation cognitive processing of 7-dehydrocholesterol takes place in cuticular cells resulting in the toil of D3. Within the epidermal cells, vitamin D3 undergoes photocoversion to its isomers 5,6-transvitamin D3 and suprasterol, a process which relies on the amount of ultraviolet radiation absorbed inadequate sunshine exposure compromises this process (Holick, 2003 Iqbal, 1994). Sunlight exposure is therefore a of import element in the regulation and parentment of endogenous cholecalciferol achievement (Dusso, et al., 2005 Iqbal, 1994 Reichel, et al., 1989 Smith, 1988). erstwhile photoconversion is completed, cholecalciferol binds to Vitamin D Binding Prote in (VDBP) and transported to the liver for further metabolic processing.Vitamin D metamorphosisBoth forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) undergo similar metabolic activation in the liver and kidney respectively to produce the physiologically active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.1.2.1- undressThe skin is characterized by two layers, the outer epidermal region, consisting of some(prenominal) strata, and the inner(a) dermal layer. Skin exposure to UVB rays in sunlight, characterized by a wavelength of 290 nm to 315 nm, allows the initial steps of vitamin D price reduction to occur using the substratum 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) as illustrated in step 1 of icon 1. UVB absorption by 7-DHC is thought to occur actively in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum regions of the epidermal layer. The substrate 7-DHC is an important intermediate of cholesteryl ester biosynthesis from squalene. Du ingroup the reaction, 7-DHC forms procholecalciferol done B ring opening of the steroid body construction. This transition state is relatively unstable and shag further undergo photocatalyzed reactions to form lumisterol and tachysterol (Wolpowitz and Gilchrest, 2006). Lumisterol and tachysterol feed been shown to prevent vitamin D attain intoxicating levels and do non brace any transfer vitamin D onuss (Bouillon et al., 1998). In addition to this protective utensil, previtamin D poisoning is likewise prevented because this is an equilibrium reaction that allows cholecalciferol to revert back to 7-DHC (Webb, 2006). Cholecalciferol (previtamin D3) is produced upon double bond rearrangement of procholecalciferol and body in the extracellular space where it becomes bound to the ubiquitous VDBP (Holick, 2005).Figure1. Sources and steps of vitamin D synthesis in the three major sites skin, liver and kidney (Figure obtained from Wolpowitz and Gilchrest, 2006).1.2.2- LiverCholecalciferol that has been transported to the liver undergoes the first step of its bioactivatio n, the hydroxylation of carbon 25 (Dusso, et al., 2005) by two liverwort enzymes the microsomal and mitochomdrial 25-hydroxylases (Deluca et al., 1990). In hepatic cellular microsomes and mitochondria, vitamin D3 is hydroxylated at carbon 25 and transformed to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by both 25-hydroxylase enzymes. This enzyme complex requires the presence of essential catalytic cofactors including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), ferredoxin and molecular oxygen for this reaction to occur (Sahota and Hosking, 1999 Ohyama et al., 1997 Kumar, 1990). Recently, large numbers of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes exhibiting 25-hydroxylase action have been set in vitamin D activation nerve tracts these enzymes include CYP27A1, CYP3A4, CYP2D25 and CYP2R1 (Dusso, et al., 2005 Cheng et al., 2003 Sawada et al., 2000). However, CYP2R1 is believed to be the principal enzyme in the hepatic pathway and the presence of a ingredienttic mutat ion in its gene may compromise the outcome of this process both CYP27A1 and CYP2D25 demonstrate noble cleverness and low affinity features, therefore, their action is considered in pregnant in this pathway (Dusso, et al., 2005 Cheng et al., 2003 Sawada et al., 2000). This metabolic step is inefficiently regulated, i.e. the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D are elevated as dietetical inlet of vitamin D profits. Consequently, over 95% of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum circulates as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 which has a half-life of approximately three weeks, and is therefore used in the assessment of vitamin D status (Dusso, et al., 2005 Reichel et al., 1989). The metabolically apathetic 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is then transported to the kidney for the second step of its bioactivation.1.2.3- KidneyThe second step of vitamin D3 bioactivation takes place at the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Hydroxylation occurs at C-1 of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 whereby the spicyly active 25-hydroxyv itamin D3 1--hydroxylase (CYP27B1) incorporates a hydroxyl group to deoxycytidine monophosphate-1 of the first ring to form the biologically active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Holick,2006 Dusso, et al., 2005 Deluca et al, 1990 Reichel, et al., 1989). The high activeness of 1--hydroxylase (CYP27B1) present in kidney is non unique to this organ and can in any case be found in some other organs (Bouillon, 1998). The nephritic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is the rate-limiting step in the turnout of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and is well regulated. An alternative pathway of hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 within nephritic mitochondria takes place at Carbon-24 to form 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which is metabolically inert. This process is catalyzed by nephritic 24--hydroxylase in reaction to 1--hydroxylase suppression. However, 24--hydroxylase not only gos the addendum of the hydroxyl group at Carbon-24 but also levys the dehydrogenation of 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and hydroxylation at Carbon 23 and 26 (Sahota and Hosking, 1999 Bouillon, 1998 Reichel, et al., 1989). Renal hydroxylases require the presence of catalytic cofactors that enhance their synthetic activities during this process. Figure 2 shows the details of vitamin synthesis including the enzymes and cofactors required for distributively step.Figure2. Enzymes, cofactor and intermediates compounds of vitamin D metabolism (Bouillon et al. 1998)1.2.4- Regulation of vitamin D metabolismNumbers of factors have been demonstrated to be important in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism particularly significant its regulation through renal achievement. The factors involved in this regulation comprise parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, dietetical calcium and phosphate, insulin and insulin-like ontogeny factor and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 itself (Holick,2006 Deluca, 2004 Sahota and Hosking, 1999). Key fundamental interactions of vitamin D with its sense organ are cognise t o initiate gene regulation. These mechanisms have been studied using vitamin D analogues which have revealed the mechanism of assembly of transcriptions factors and promotion of gene regulation by this scrap (Cheng et al., 2004 Wu et al., 2002). Figure 3 shows the effect of various regulators on vitamin D metabolism.Figure 3 Alternate pathway for vitamin D3 under different metabolic conditions of low mineral Ca and P levels, PTH concentration and secretion of GH / IGH (Figure obtained from Gomez, 2006).1.2.4.1- parathyroid secreter HormoneParathyroid hormone (PTH) is the primary regulator of renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation (Holick, 2006 Dusso et al., 2005 Bouillon et al., 1998 Issa et al., 1998). PTH regulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production instantaneously through enhancing 1--hydroxylase application within kidney cells and increasing the genetic transcription rate of renal proximal tubular 1--hydroxylase both of which result in an improver in the renal 1,25-dihyd roxyvitamin D3 production rate. High levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppress the enzyme transcription activeness and PTH concentration. Thus, renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a negative feedback reply on PTH secretion, providing an efficient restrictive control of renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 homeostasis (Dusso, et al., 2005 Holick,2003 Sahota and Hosking, 1999 Reichel, et al., 1989 Iqbal, 1994).1.2.4.2- atomic number 20Dietary calcium exhibits a direct regulatory influence on renal 1--hydroxylase body process via fluctuating serum calcium concentration and indirectly via its effect on serum PTH concentration. Calcium exerts its effect through calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) activation within the parathyroid gland and renal proximal tubules cells in result to low calcium concentration. Thus, the low intracellular calcium levels premise to increased production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 within renal cells (Ramasamy, 2006 Bland et al., 1999 Chattopadhyay et al., 1996). On the other hand, it has been shown that high calcium concentrations markedly flub renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation in human nephrotic cell cultures and in parathyroidectomised animals (Bland et al., 1999 Chattopadhyay et al., 1996). An increase in extracellular calcium indirectly suppresses 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production at the proximal convoluted tubule by inhibiting PTH release (Deluca, 2004 Carpenter, 1990). However, the detailed mechanism of calcium-sensing receptors (CaR) activation is not yet fully understood (Dusso, et al., 2005 Hewison, et al., 2000).1.2.4.3- PhosphateDietary phosphate intake and serum phosphate concentrations exhibit regulatory effects on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in proximal renal tubules. This effect has been demonstrated in several studies which showed that a decrease in dietary phosphate accelerated renal formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, but did not directly affect 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 catabolism. Conversely, elevate d serum phosphate and increased phosphate intake led to decreased production of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Carpenter, 1989 Reichel et al., 1989). Several studies have shown that inorganic phosphate levels have no significant direct effect on mitochondrial 1--hydroxylase body process in polite renal cells in the short term, suggesting that the action of inorganic phosphate is not liaise via changes in PTH and Calcium concentrations and is possibly inducted by other hormones such(prenominal) as growth hormone, insulin and insulin-like growth factor (Khanal et al., 2006 Dusso et al., 2005 Carpenter, 1989). In recent studies, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), frizzled-related protein 4 (FRP-4) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) have all been identified as soused and key regulatory factors of 1--hydroxylase activity in renal cells. These factors act through a biphasic mechanism on renal phosphate homeostasis and modulate the spread levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitam in D3 produced by proximal renal tubules (Dusso et al., 2005 Inoue et al., 2005 Mirams et al., 2004).1.2.4.4- calcitoninCalcitonin belongs to a family of calcium regulating hormones that is produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, also cognize as C cells. It is a short and linear polypeptide with a molecular weight of only 3.7 kD. It is characterized by 32 amino group acids and a disulfide bridge over in the N terminal portion of the peptide. Calcitonin is secreted in response to increased free Ca2+ in blood and acts on osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells, as a suppressor of bone dissolution. Although calcitonin decreases Ca+2 and inorganic phosphate in blood, it also has the dexterity to recruit the Tempter into other cells. In addition to these metabolic functions, it is also involved in the upregualtion of CYP27B hydroxylase through the protein kinase C pathway (Yoshida et al., 1999) via a phosphorylation cascade that activates cAMP and induces the contem plation of hydroxylase thereby activating the transformation of 25(OH) D3 to 1,25(OH)2 D3.In addition to the significant role as a calcium regulating hormone, calcitonin is also known to catch the production of vitamin D in tandem with PTH (Yoshida et al., 1999 Wongsurawat and Armbrecht, 1991). Previous studies revealed that 1--hydroxylase mRNA expression, 1--hydroxylase activity and the production of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D3 all increased in rat kidney cells spare-time activity the political science of calcitonin (Yoshida et al., 1999 Galante et al., 1972 Rasmussent et al., 1972). However, in cases of diabetes, it is postulated that the kidney becomes immune to the effect of this hormone in diabetic rats which lead to increase vitamin D production (Wongsurawat and Ambrecht, 1991).1.2.4.5- harvest-tide hormone, Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-1Growth hormone (GH) has many regulatory actions in various metabolic processes in humans and mammals and its effect on mineral home ostasis in target organs such as bone and renal cells is well documented. While the regulatory effects of GH on dietary calcium and phosphate metabolism in different tissues have been established, its effect on vitamin D metabolism carcass controversial. However, many studies have shown that GH increases the expression of 1--hydroxylase and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cultured cells and experimental animals (Gomez, 2006). Wu and colleagues inform that serum1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases after GH administration in hypophysectomized rats fed with a phosphate depleted diet. Short-term studies in healthy humans have shown that GH raises 1--hydroxylase enzyme activity and promotes 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis without changes in PTH, calcium and phosphate concentrations, suggesting that the increasing circulating levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 following GH administration is not mediated by PTH action (Wu et al., 1997 Bianda et al., 1997 Wright et al., 1996). GH has als o been shown to lead to increased production and serum concentration of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in pigs and in renal impaired prepubescent children. These are thought to be a result of the direct and indirect effects of GH on 1--hydroxylase expression, and on calcium and inorganic phosphate homeostasis in renal tubules cells (Strife and Hug, 1996 Denis et al., 1995). However, the action of GH on vitamin D metabolism in vitro re main(prenominal)s uncertain and may involve other regulatory factors such as PTH and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). It has been shown that GH does not raise 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels directly in cultured cells obtained from aged-rats yet it stimulates calcium absorption and the expression of calcium ski concealment proteins in vitro indicating that the effect of GH is mediated through the action of other factors such as IGF-1 (Fleet et al., 1991).Insulin is another key factor with a role in vitamin D homeostasis. Insulin significantly decrea ses renal hydroxylase activity and renal synthetic capacity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in insulin deficient patients or those receiving insulin therapy (Armbrecht et al., 1996). However, a involve of different routes of alterative insulin administration in human diabetic subjects concluded that insulin induces the hepatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. This effect is related to the fact that insulin is a potent inducer of the vast absolute majority of liver hydroxylases enzymes (Colette et al., 1989). This study also showed that there was no significant expiration in circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the midst of different methods of insulin administration. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is maintained at normal concentrations in those subjects on long term insulin therapy however, continuous intraperitioneal excerpt procedure (CPII) may augment hepatic 25-hydroxlase activity (Colette et al., 1989). Similarly insulin has shown a significant effect on affect 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and PTH comment with no concomitant action on 24-hydroxylase expression in rat osteoblast cells when these cells were cultured with known concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and PTH (Armbrecht et al., 1996).Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a relatively small peptide that is primarily expressed in hepatic cells and to a lesser outcome in some other cells and tissues. It has been identified as one of the potent regulatory components of mineral metabolism in humans and mammals. Recent studies on the metabolic effect of IGF-1 revealed that the administration of IGF-1 to aged laboratory animals, fed on a calcium- and phosphate- deficient diet, can restore 1--hydroxylase activity and enhance the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In contrast, there was no significant effect of IGF-1 on enzyme activity and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels in adolescent or elderly rats fed on a calcium and phosph ate fortified diet concluding that the expression of IGF-1 is not age related but related to the dietary calcium and phosphorus status. (Gomez, 2006 Wong et al., 1997 Wu et al., 1997). In healthy human subjects, a significant effect of IGF-1 on renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis was observed after short term excerption with IGF-1. There was no noticeable alteration of the levels of circulating calcium, phosphate and PTH play up the role of IGF-1 in stimulating renal expression of 1--hydroxylase and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation in conjunction with GH, independently from PTH (Bianda et al., 1997). In vitro studies have shown that IGF-1 influences the expression of 1--hydroxylase and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis in cells cultured from non renal human tissues. Halhali and colleagues demonstrated that IGF-1 noticeably elevates both the enzyme activity and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels when added into cultured syncytiotrophoblast cells obtained from human placental s ources. This study demonstrated that IGF-1 strongly enhances the ability of non renal cells to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 without involvement of GH and PTH (Halhali et al., 1997).1.2.4.6- 1, 25-dihyroxy vitamin D3The circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulate its production by renal cells through an indirect negative feedback mechanism. This mechanism appears to reduce the likelihood of vitamin D toxicity by inhibiting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis by an indirect mechanism that controls the 1--hydroxylase gene expression at the molecular level rather than inhibiting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis directly. However, the exact mechanism is not yet fully understood (Dusso et al., 2005 Deluca et al., 1990). A recent study examined the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on 1--hydroxylase production by cultured human keratinocytes. Keratinocytes were cultured with labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and different concentrations of 1--hydroxylase mRNA and 24-hydroxylas e- suppressed proteins. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 did not suppress either the 1--hydroxylase activity or the rate of gene transcription. The study implied that metabolic regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is related to the molecules biodegradation in response to augmented 24-hydroxylase activity rather than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation by 1--hydroxylase (Xie et al., 2002). In addition, Wu and colleagues demonstrated a possible alternative mechanism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis linked to the fact that both 24-hydroxylase and 1--hydroxylase enzymes care equivalent metabolic capability and they proposed the possibility of protein- protein interaction between intracellular vitamin D dressing protein and 1--hydroxylase (Wu et al., 2002).1.2.5- Vitamin D Transport, receptors and mechanism of actionVitamin D receptor (VDR), also known as calcitriol receptor, is a member of the steroid family and belongs to the atomic receptor superfamily (NHR). Human VDR until rec ently was thought to comprises four functional units with a total of 427 amino acids residues with an estimated molecular weight of about 48 kDa. These units are the DNA backbone landed estate (DBD) or C reach, the D domain and the ligand binding domain (LBD) or E domain. More recently, a carboxy-group with undefinable function, known as the F region has been identified (Christakos et al., 2003 Aranda and Pascual, 2001 Rastinejad et al., 2000). These units as, shown in record 4, are also known as A/B domain. The A/B region of VDR contains a low number of amino acids that participates in essential ligand-independent receptor stimulation (Aranda and Pascual, 2001 Issa et al., 1998). It is not yet clear if the stinger of A/B domain from VDR go forth compromise ligand binding, DNA binding or its transactivation features (Issa et al., 1998). In contrast, the structure of the DNA binding domain or C region among NHRs comprises 40% unique amino acids sequences and a domain of more t han 67 resemble amino acids residues (Rastinejad et al., 2000). Moreover, the core structure of DBD comprises between 22 and 114 amino acid residues, nine of them are cysteines. Eight of cysteine residues take with zinc atoms in tetrahedral fashion to form a dual zinc-like find DNA binding anatomys containing approximately 70 amino acids with a carboxy-terminal offstage (CTE). This encloses T and A boxes in a dual curl molecule in which one helix is essential for definitive interaction with the main domain on DNA while the second helix takes a part in receptors structural properties (i.e. receptor dimerization) (Aranda and Pascual, 2001 Issa et al., 1998). However, the integration of the structural amino acids of the DBD -helix one, at the site of the first zinc atom, determines the selectivity and specificity of recognition of DBD and forms an area known as the P Box. Similarly the integration of amino acids at the position of the second zinc atom modulates the formation of a configuration termed the D Box which forms a dimerization interface zone (Aranda and Pascual, 2001 Rastinejad et al., 2000 Issa et al., 1998). Furthermore the vast majority of DBD amino acid units are basic amino acids which enhance the non-covalent binding of the DNA helix at the negatively charged phosphate group (Issa et al., 1998). The ligand binding domain (LBD) or E domain has a spherical configuration with many functional regions composed of 12 cohered helix anchors defined as H1 to H12. LBD itself comprises a net of 427 amino acids which contribute to homodimerization and heterodimerization and the interaction of hormones and costimulaotors by a crucial transactivational mechanism (Aranda and Pascual, 2001 Weatherman et al., 2000 Issa et al., 1998). Crystallographic studies show that LBD have two cohered and integrated domains, the Ti or signature motif and the carboxy or C terminal AF-2 providing the self-ligand transcriptional properties hence a higher degree of standoff of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding is observed at 382 to 402 of LBD amino acid sequence and any genetic aberration at this particular amino acids sequence will diminish the interaction capability of LBD (Aranda and Pascual, 2001 Issa et al., 1998).Figure 4 The primary structure of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the binding of retinoid X receptor (RXR)-VDR heterodimers to vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in the form of DR3 and ER6 motifs. (Figure from Lin and White, 2003)1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, has been identified as steroid hormone with a mechanism of action similar to other steroid hormones, causing upstart protein expression in various target organs. Based on the thermonuclear receptors structural studies, calcitriol is known to exert its biological action through binding with VDR in the cell nucleus to mediate a cascade of transcriptional and translational processes resulting in either the regulation or inhibition of new protein expression in target tissues or the bindi ng to plasma membrane receptors without stimulating new protein synthesis (Nezbedova and Brtko, 2004 Reichel and Norman, 1989). Two different receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been recognized in different target cells identified as genomic VDRnuc and typical VDRmem .These receptors provide the beaver dynamical conformational forms for calcitriol interaction and to evoke its genomic and non-genomic effects (Norman et al., 2002). The binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to VDRnuc enhances the interaction with an undistinguished protein known as the nuclear accessory factor (NAF) and to the caroxy-terminal of VDR. This interaction leads to a structural conversion pattern of the C-terminal of VDR allowing the AF-2 domain to attach with other transcriptional elements such as SCR-1, calcium binding protein (CBP) and P300. This promotes the binding of the heterodimer molecule with DNA at the vitamin D response sites (VDRE) and directs its transcriptional gene activity (Jones et al., 1998 Iqbal, 1994). In addition, these coactivators play a role in DNA configurational changes through histone acetyl transferase activation pathway of the core components of histones. This results in mechanical instability of the DNA structure and enhances the net binding capacity of the coactivators with their corresponding receptors at nucleosomal histone level and leads to the upregulation of these transcriptional coactivators which in trun, accelerate the net gene transcriptional rate to promote the synthesis of the alike protein (Lipkin and Lamprech, 2006 Jones et al., 1998).Conversely, the non-genomic or classical effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is modulated through its binding with the approach cellular membrane receptor known as mVDR which initiates an immediate response in various target tissues with no genomic transcriptional activity. Many studies demonstrate the speedy effect of calcitriol in rapidly increasing both the level of circulating calcium and its abs orption rate in animal intestines, evoking phosphoinoisitide bioactivation, cyclic deoxyguanosine monophosphate (cGMP) elevation, activation of protein kinase C and triggering the mitogen activated protein kinase pathways and involving the chloride gates action potential in different organs (Dusso et al., 2005 Nezbedova and Brtko, 2004 Boyan and Schwartz, 2004 Norman et al., 2002). The entire mechanism, as shown in interpret 5, for the rapid effect of calcitriol remains doubtful, however the proposed mechanism is mediated through the interaction with mVDR leading to a series of intracellular signaling events. signal is orchestrated by the activation of various metabolic pathways involving different transfer mechanisms of certain mineral components of target organs. (Pedrozo et al., 1999 Norman et al., 1999 Revelli et al., 1998). However, other studies reveal that the genomic effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is independent of its non-genomic mechanism (Dusso et al., 2005).Figur e 5 Cellular mechanism of action of 1,25(OH)2D3 (Figure from Horst et al., 1997)1.3- Biological actions of Vitamin D on target tissues and SystemsThe active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is well recognized as a member of steroid hormones that mediates several metabolic and non-metabolic processes in various organs in human and animals as shown in figure 6.1.3.1- IntestineMineral absorption in the intestines is increased in the presence of the hormone 1,25(OH) vitamin D. However without this, only 10 to 15% of dietary calcium and 60% of phosphorus is absorbed from the diet (De Luca, 2004). Ca2+ and HPO42- are also absorbed when intestinal cells interact with the vitamin D- VDR- RXR complex. The latter enhances the expression of the epithelial calcium channel and calcium-binding protein which recruits calcium and phosphorus (Holick, 2007). Knock out mice experiments studying the effect of VDR gene deletions also show that the size of the small intestines is related to th e levels of calcitriol and dietary calcium availability. Vitamin D deficient mice fed with diets low in calcium exhibited the largest small intestine to large intestine ratio (Cantorna et al., 2004). VDR knock-out mice experiments also incite in the discovery of calcium channels, the route for Ca absorption, in the intestine (Peng et al., 1999). Calbindin is a potent calcium transporter in mammals which characterized by a high affinity for calcium ions. Therefore, the binding of vitamin D to VDR and RXR signals an increased production of calbindin which facilitates systemic Ca2+ ions transportation and prevent the occurrence of calcium toxicity in the intestines.Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the effects of Vitamin D on different tissues and organs (Figure from Holick, 2007).1.3.2- BoneTakeda et al. (1999) studied the role of vitamin D and VDR in bone cells using knock out mice experiments. Their results showed that bone cells formation triggering mechanisms such as cell to cell int eraction between osteoblast and osteoclast progenitors and stromal cells bring forth by 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and provoke the formation of osteoclasts. In their capacity as bone resorbing cells, osteoclasts can be triggered by low serum calcium levels, to let on down bone and free calcium back in to the blood thus redistributing calcium throughout the body. However, this does not occur without the expression of VDR and without vitamin D complexing with its receptor. This study emphasizes the important role of recognition sites on the VDR and the structural implications that the receptor-ligand binding has on VDREs and transcription initiation.Although the effects of PTH

Transition Elements And Coordination Compounds Biology Essay

Transition Elements And Coordination Compounds Biology EssayAs we know, Manganese is set in the prime(prenominal) row of transition metal with the electron abidance Ar 3d5 4s2. Besides that, Manganese has different type of oxidation states when it appears as a fuse and the oxidation state is from Mn(-III) until Mn(VII). So, we know that the compounds of manganese range in the oxidation twist acquit a different of 10 electrons. In the experiment 1, we prep be tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), Mn(acac)3 by utilise manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate and potassium permanganate act as oxidation agent to oxidise manganese(II) chloride to acetyl propanonemanganese(III).Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is an one- electron oxidant. Manganese(III) acetylacetonateis high spin. It has besides a distorted octahedral composite plant body part. This distortion is due to the Jahn-Teller effect. (Absolute Astronomy, 2009). The structure of Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is shown as below- (Source Tcieurope.com)The comparison is as get hitched with-MnCl2 + 4 water Mn( urine)4Cl2Mn(H2O)4 Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O24Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2OFurther more(prenominal), bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is also know as Vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)2. As we know, it is a fat green Gordian. bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) has a vanadyl group, VO2+. The vanadyl group is beated to 2 acetylacetonate anions and the structure of the compound is as celebrate-This complex ignore be make from vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V). In our experiment, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) was prep atomic number 18d from vanadium(V) oxide and the par is as review-V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHOVOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2(Absolute Astronomy, 2009)Besides that, both of the acetylacetonato (acac) groups of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) ar able to be exchange with organic ligands having coordinating atoms of different potentialities. (Maurya, 2003)Both Manganese(III) acetylacetonate and bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) be link with acetylacetonate which known as ligand. The precursor for acetylacetonate is acetylacetone with framingula C5H8O2. However, acetylacetonate is an anion. It fag bind to equivalent cation but it very hard to exist as a bountiful ion in solution.In addition, Cobalt is a hard, gray metal. It has a proton number 27. Besided that, there ar two types of cobalt ions namely Co2+ and Co3+. First, Co3+ ion is more shorter than the Co2+ ion. However, the complex ion formed with higher oxidation state is more stable. ( zmir get of Technology, n.d.). So that, Cobalt(III) complexes are kinetically inert.Co3+ can undergo a offset known as ligand exchange reactions slowly which compared to Co2+ complexes. The cobalt(III) complexes are usually in octahedral shape. In the experiment, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chlor ide is being synthesized. The structure is as follow-(Source Chemicalbook.com)The complex is prepared by the oxidation of ammoniacal solution of cobalt(II) salts by using hydrogen peroxide. The formula is as follow-Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 Co(NH3)5H203+Co(NH3)5H203+ + 3Cl- Co(NH3)5ClCl2 + H20( zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.)Materials and Methods Experiment one5g of MnCl2.4H201.3g of NaC2H3O2.3H2O NaC2H3O2.3H2O change state in 200cm3 of distilled water.21cm3 of 2HC5H7O2 slowly added1g of KMnO4Present of two-phase social class upshot A added in with stirringDissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water.13g of NaC2H3O2.3H2OSolution B added inSolution ASolution BDissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water.Heated with 60oC for 30 minutesComplex washed with acetoneSolid complex filtered by suctionResultant solution was cooled with ice-cold waterExperiment 2Experiment 3RecrystalliseResults For experiment 1,from the equation below, I can get the theoretical potful of the Mn(acac)3 substantial comp lex by Mn(H2O)4 Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O24Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2OFrom the equation, we know that 1 breakwater of Mn(H2O)4 Cl = 1 groyne of Mn(C5H7O2)2.So, 5 g of Mn(H2O)4 Cl = 0.0308 mol is also = 0.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2.From the second equation, 4 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 5 mol of Mn(acac)30.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 0.0385 mol. Of Mn(acac)3So, theoretical free metric weight unit of Mn(acac)3 = 0.0385 mol X 252.938 g/moltheoretical weight of Mn(acac)3 = 9.7381 gThe following shows the manner to get our data-based weight slant of hear tube14. 8180 gWeight of Sample tube + steady complex , Mn(acac)318.7785 gSo, the experimental weight of Mn(acac)3complexes were 3.9605 gPercentage kick in of Mn(acac)3complexes we get was = 3.9605 g / 9.7381 g X coulomb %= 40.67 %Next, magnetized arcminute of Mn(acac)3complexes were calculated as follow m = 0.9278g- 0.8193g= 0.1085gRo= -33L = 2.4cmR= 1165 (paracharisma tic)CBal = 1X(g) = CBal X L X (R-Ro) / 109 X mX(g) of Mn(acac)3complexes = 2.65 X 10-5So, Mn(acac)3complexes are paramagneticFTIRInterpretation of IR spectrum for complexes allow be written in discussion.For experiment 2,from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the Co(NH3)5ClCl2 square complex by Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 Co(NH3)5H203+Co(NH3)5H203+ + 3Cl- Co(NH3)5ClCl2 + H20From the above equation, 1 mol of Co2+ = 1 mol of Co(NH3)5H2O3+12g of Co2+ = 0.0504 molSo 0.0504 mol of Co(NH3)5H203+= 0.0504 mol of Co(NH3)5ClCl2Theoretical weight of Co(NH3)5ClCl2 solid complexes = 0.0504 mol X 250.433 g/mol= 12.6218 gThe following shows the method to get our experimental weightWeight of Sample tube14. 9285 gWeight of Sample tube + solid complex ,22.3723 gSo, the experimental weight of Co(NH3)5ClCl2 solid complexes = 7.4438 gPercentage yield of Co(NH3)5ClCl2complexes = 7.4438 g / 12.6218 g X 100 %= 58.98 %Next, magnetic moment of Co(NH3)5ClCl2complexes were calculated as fol low m = 0.9264g- 0.8207g= 0.1057gRo= -36L = 2.1cmR= -41 (dimagnetic)CBal = 1X(g) = CBal X L X (R-Ro) / 109 X mX(g) of Co(NH3)5ClCl2complexes = -9.9338 X 10-8So, Co(NH3)5ClCl2complexes are diamagneticFTIRFor experiment 3,from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the Vo(acac)2(H2O) solid complex by V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHOVOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2From the above equation, 1 mol of V2O5 = 2 mol of VOSO42g 0f V2O5 = 0.011 mol = 0.022 mol of VOSO42 mol of VOSO4 = 2 mol of VO(C5H7O2)2Theoretical weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 0.022 mol X 264.94 g/mol= 5.8287 gThe following shows the method to get our experimental weightWeight of Sample tube14.8445 gWeight of Sample tube + solid complex ,18.5818 gSo, the experimental weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 gPercentage yield of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 g / 5.8287 g X 100%= 64.12%Next, Magnetic moment of bastardised VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow m = 0.8880g 0.8244 g= 0.0636gRo = -34L = 2.5cmR= 72 (paramagnetic)CBal = 1X(g) = CBal X L X (R-Ro) / 109 X mX(g) of impure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 4.17 X 10-6So, VO(C5H7O2)2complexes are paramagneticMagnetic moment of pure VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow m = 0.8947g -0.8211= 0.0736gRo= -33L = 2.3cmR= 144 (paramagnetic)CBal = 1X(g) of pure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 5.53 X 10-6FTIRInterpretation of IR spectrum for complexes will be written in discussion. dirty VO(C5H7O2)2Pure VO(C5H7O2)2Discussion Interpretation of IR spectrum for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III)Wavenumber (cm-1)Description of bands2921.1 2959.7-relative passion vagueCH stretchability of CH31593.91508.0-relative fanaticism toil rough-(C=C) stretchiness-(C=CH) distorted shape1387.2-relative mass salutary-(CH3)- symmetric C-H deformation1253.5-relative inspiration strong-(C=C) reaching-(C-CH3) stretching1016.8-relative intensity strong-(CH3) out-of plane bending923.2-relative intensity strong-(C-CH3) stretching777.0-r elative intensity strong-(C-H)deformation678.1-relative intensity f oxygenize/ strong-(C-CH3)stretching,(O=C-CH3) deformation-(Mn-O) stretching indicates metal-ligand bewilder460.1 relative intensity weak (C=C) stretching,(C-CH3) stretching-(Mn-O) stretching that also indicatesmetal-ligand shackleInterpretation of IR spectrum for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chlorideWavenumber (cm-1)Description of bands3258.0-relative intensity strongNH3stretch1576.2-relative intensity fair-degenerate asymmetric NH3stretching1307.8-relative intensity strong-symmetric NH3angle deformation844.9-relative intensity strong-NH3rocking487.6-(Co-Cl) stretching indicates metal-ligand trammel netInterpretation of IR spectrum for impure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV)Wavenumber (cm-1)Description of bands1556.81521.0-relative intensity medium (C=O) stretching-( C=C),(C=CH) stretching1418.7-relative intensity medium-(CH3) deformation1374.01357.6-relative intensity strong-(C=O) stretching-(CH3) deformation mode1286.6-relative intensity strong-(C=C=C) stretching998.2-relative intensity strong and sharp-stretching of V=O bond-it also indicates the metal-ligand bond.1018.6-relative intensity strong-(CH3) rocking936.1-relative intensity strong-(C-CH3) stretching-(C=O) stretching798.6-relative intensity medium-(C-H) out-of-plane bending685.9657.2-relative intensity medium/ weak-(ring) deformation out-of-plane bending for609.2-(ring) deformationInterpretation of IR spectrum for pure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV)Wavenumber (cm-1)Description of bands1563.01520.0-relative intensity medium (C=O) stretching-( C=C),(C=CH) stretching1499.6-relative intensity medium-(CH3) deformation1380.01349.0-relative intensity strong-(C=O) stretching-(CH3) deformation mode1288.3-relative intensity strong-(C=C=C) stretching995.0-relative intensity strong and sharp-stretching of V=O bond-it also indicates the metal-ligand bond.1018.2-relative intensity strong-(CH3) rocking935.7-rela tive intensity strong-(C-CH3) stretching-(C=O) stretching798.8798.0-relative intensity medium-(C-H) out-of-plane bending686.0-relative intensity medium/ weak-(ring) deformation out-of-plane bending for609.7-(ring) deformationFTIR is known as Fourier Transform invisible Spectroscopy. This FTIR can be use to identify different types of chemical bond which is either organic compound or inorganic compound. So no two different compounds will have same spectrum. However, FTIR may earn destructive to our sample compare to magnetic susceptibility which is non-destructive. Besides that, magnetic susceptibility can be group by paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic. paramagnetic substance is those attracted by strong magnetic palm but those repelled by magnetic field are diamagnetic substances.Besides that, we can also confirm the shape by using magnetic susceptibility. The Cobalt ion to form Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride has 6 electron in d orbital. According to crystal f ield theory, if the complex is in octahedral shape, the electron can be arranged worry below-Low-spin high-spineg egt2g t2gIf the complex is in tetrahedral shape, the electron are arranged as below-t2gegMagnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.9338 X 10-8 and it is diamagnetic. Only the low-spin octahedral shape shows diamagnetic properties, so the shape of chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is octahedral.Furthermore, for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), the Mn3+ ion has 4 electron in d orbital, and the correspondence in octahedral shape will as follows-Low-spin High-spineg egt2g t2gFor the arrangement in tetrahedral shape, the electrons are arranged as below-t2gegMagnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 X 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. So the shape of tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is octahedral. However we cannot determine whether is low-spin or high-spin in this situation because we are not calculating the pairing energy for the complex.In addition, there is solo one electron in d orbital for vanadium ion of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV). Magnetic susceptibility for it is 4.17 X 10-6 and it is paramagnetic. The shape is octahedral and the arrangement of electron is as follow-egt2gAcetylacetonate is delocalized and formed resonance structure as follow The structure of Co(NH3)5ClCl2 is as follow The structure of VO(ACAC)2 is as follow Moreover, oxovanadium complexes act as insulin mimetics, nucleolytic and antineoplastic.To separate insulin- mimetic complexes, a simple and fast in-vitro assay is developed. Besides that, an holy assessment of the cells taken up of glucose, in-vitro assay with Ehrlich can be used. The oxovanadium complexes can cleave DNA without the present of hydrogen peroxide. Then, its nucleolytic efficiency is also great but it is affected by the choice of buffer and pH. The oxovanadium complexes is also an anticancer agent against human ovarian cancer.Actu ally, I have acquired a volume of new knowledge among these three experiments. First, experiment one and two are easier to carry out compared to experiment three. This is because experiment one and two multiform oxidation which Mn2+ was oxidized to Mn3+ Co2+ was oxidized to Co3+. Whereas experiment 3 knobbed reduction which reduced VO5+ to VO4+. At the beginning of each experiments, we heated up the sample in open air. It is easier to oxidize the compound than reduce the compound in the presence of oxygen. So, we need more time to heated the V2O5.During the first time of experiment three, I failed to get a blue tinge solid powder. This is because I heated the sample in the open air and I failed to control the heater. So, after the filtration process, I got a white solid powder. Therefore, I learnt from the mistake and during the second time I used reflux method. This time I can control the heating process well. The grain alcohol was not evaporated much. After filtration, I got sort of a lot of blue solid powder. So, I knew that, for reduction process, we cannot heat the sample too pronto and heat too long. If we heated too long, most of the product will evaporate.Next, from the FTIR spectrum, I can observe that the spectrum from the first and third experiment are quite similar. This is because, the peak from the spectrum are mostly from the acetylacetonato (acac). However, spectrum from experiment two is quite different from otherwise experiment because mostly the peaks come from Cl compared to other experiments.The percentage yield of the complexes from all the three experiment that I have calculate out was not so high. This is by chance due to the dry wash of the product with acetone, slightly of the product was dissolved and washed away. However, there are other factors which cause problem to our results. First, most of the heating plate we used cannot function well. I changed many heating plate during the experiment. Next, we have unbroken our half way done sample for more than 7 days. The results may not be so accurate anymore. Another factor maybe due to the volume and amount of the sample and other material we pecker are not accurate. Our product may contain some impurities.However, some of the precaution was taken during the experiment. In these experiments, some of the chemical was corrosive and hurtful such as concentrated HCl and H2SO4. So, we poured the chemical carefully in the smoking board. Next, before using any instrument, we read through the manual to transform the steps to function the magnetic susceptibility balance. We also taken knock off some important steps to function the FTIR spectrophotometer. I have asked some help from lab assistant on where to get the material for experiment. closing The percentage yield for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 40.67%, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is 58.98% and (acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is 64.12%.For tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), the peak for two Mn-O bond are at the region approximately 678.1 cm-1 and 458.3 cm-1. For chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride, the peak for Co-N bond is at 669.2 cm-1 while Co-Cl bond is at 486.2 cm-1. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), the peak for V=O bond is at 997.4 cm-1 region.Magnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 x 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. Besides, Magnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.93x 10-8 and is diamagnetic. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), magnetic susceptibility for impure complex and pure complex are 4.17X 10-6 and 5.53X 10-6 respectively. They are paramagnetic.

Public Policy Reporting Class :: essays research papers

Pending approval from the General Assembly, the funding for older Illinoisans impart receive nearly an eight percent gain in the fiscal year 2001 budget for the Illinois Department on Aging.The states draw of the over only spending is $234.9 million and funds the Departments community of interests Care program at $205 million. The program provides senior citizens with home lot services, adult day services and custodial care.The eight percent increase is drastically needed according to Carol Aronson, spokesperson for the Shawnee Alliance for seniors. cured programs are underpaid compared to the services of Department of Children and Family Services with a much turn down rate of funds for seniors, even with an eight percent increase, Aronson said.An additional $7 million has been allocated to the Elder Abuse and Neglect Program, an increase of 11 percent. confederacy based agencies leave behind be able to respond to over 8,600 reports of corrupt and neglect, which account for a projected increase. The Elder abuse reports have been on the rise every year, prompting Gov. Ryan to also respond to the problem by forming a new Elder Abuse Task Force.The Illinois Department on Agings Elder Abuse and Neglect Program responds to all reports of abuse of people age 60 and older. The program provides investigation, intervention and carry through services to victims. Reports are increasing about 10 percent a year, as the older population grows and awareness of the problem increases.Jones 2The retract session was certainly fruitful for all Illinois seniors, said Illinois Department on Aging Director Margo E. Schreiber.The budget will help the Illinois Department on Aging fulfill its mission, and we are grateful to the Governor and legislators for their diligent lick in addressing the needs and quality of life for the seniors in our state.While the peter awaits approval, a similar proposal for seniors, the 100 percent campaign, has been passed and is a workings s uccess according to Susan Patterson, field coordinator for the Egyptian Area Agency on Aging, Inc. Specifically, Senate Bill 677, increased access to the states Medicaid program for those whose income is slight than 100 percent of the federal need level, or $687 a month. Currently, the eligibility is shape at $308 a month, or 47 percent of the federal poverty level. Through the 100 percent plan, in July 2000 the 47 percent income brink will jump to 70 percent of the federal poverty level, which will change their income by an additional $184.

Essay --

tribal Rights and Sovereignty of the Yakama Nation and Klamath populationsQuinn BuchwaldAP fall in States Government, 1st PeriodMs. PeckDecember 17, 2013 The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation is a self-reliant Native American tribal entity in majuscule State. The tribes backlog is hardened in southern Washington State and is east of the Cascade Mountains. The reservation is 2,185.94 square miles and has a population of over 30,000. The tribe itself has almost 11,000 enrolled members. The Yakama Tribe consists of multiple groups of Native Americans, including the Klikitat, Palus, Walla Walla, Wanapam, Wishram, and Yakama. These people wee endured here for thousands of years and have developed their own very unique way of life and culture. They exit to a larger cultural group known as the Sahaptin people, who live throughout the Columbia River Basin and Plateau in central, eastern, and southern Washington State and in northern Oregon. The Yakama life style was dependant on their surroundings and environment. They heavily relied on wildlife, game, and fish for their sustenance, and where solely hunter-gatherer societies before European and American contact. Due to their close connection and reliance on the environment, the Yakama extremely respected nature and were always aware of their impact upon it. They believe that everything has a purpose and an important place in the natural order.With the expansion the get together States into the Pacific Northwest and the rapid encroachment of white settlers into their territory, the Yakama signed the conformity with the Yakima with the join States government in 1855. The Yakama people were able to negotiate for numerous tribal rights due to their strategic and powerful po... ...es Sovereignty, Ethics, and Data-Sharing Issues. Environmental Health Perspectives great hundred (2011) 6-10. Print.The Klamath Tribes. The Klamath Tribes, 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.OFFICIAL SITE OF THE CONFEDERATED T RIBES OF THE YAKAMA NATION. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, 2010. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.A Short memorial of the Klamath Tribe. A Short History of the Klamath Tribe. The Klamath Tribes, 1985. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.United States. Department of the Interior. depicted object Parks Service. Memorandum on Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal Governments. By William J. Clinton. National Parks Service, 4 May 1994. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.United States. Dept. of State. Treaty with the Yakima, 1855. Yakama Nation Archives. Print.YN CHC Yakama History. Yakamamuseum.com. Yakama Nation Museum and Cultural Center, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.

New Communication Interactivity :: Functions of Communication

The Australian composition was first released by Rupert Murdock on July 15, 1964. Its release instigated a switch over in the way news, in particular, the printed press, was communicated at heart Australia. By becoming a national newspaper and attempting to capture a slice of the traditional newspaper markets, The Australian was seeking to express its passion for change and improvement. Http//www.theaustralian.news.com.au/sectionindex2/0,5746,About+this+paperTEXT,00.html (2002). The Internet has come more or less through the continued phylogeny of new communication technologies. The Australian saw advantages of the Internet as a way of increasing its exposure and distribution. With the creation of The Australian News network aim http//www.theaustralian.news.com.au/ , a new level of activity surrounded by the newspaper and the lector developed. The following paragraphs will critically evaluate The Australians tissue site and respect how it has extended The Australians tradi tional form of communication being its printed newspaper.The web site greets us with the usual mast head that we argon familiar with on the apparent motion page of their news paper, but there are a shape of small additions. Most noticeable is the animation within the advertising. Advertising plays a large part of any newspaper. With the eye catching stimulation brought about by movement, the ability to subconsciously avoid advertisements in newspapers is hindered within the web site. An separate part of the mast head displays the words News Interactive. The Australian has made attempts to interact with the reader to a greater extent in its web site, compared to the newspaper. With the newspaper you can interact by writing to the editor, responding to and submitting advertisements, filling in the crosswords, and so forth The web site takes interactivity a few steps further by giving the reader greater freedom and choice to articles and options, creating an interaction between the r eader (which becomes the user) and the web site (which provides the options). The newspaper on the other lead gives limited options that ultimately limit the interactivity.There are many methods or tools that the web site utilises to create an interactive environment. New regulational codes and icons that are widely accepted throughout the Internet are being utilize within The Australians web site. Blue underlined text has become an accepted convention to inform the reader of a hyperlink. Web pages such as this wiz are constructed with hypertext, which is text, be it in the form of a sentence or just one word that contains hidden code creating links to other web pages or other hypertext.

Feminine Roles in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeths Feminine Roles The feminine roles in William Shakespeares Macbeth are totally two, the witches being not human in many ways, and we shall consider besides one in owing(p) detail in this essay - that of the of the essence(predicate) doll Macbeth. The witches are considered briefly. In Memoranda Remarks on the Character of madam Macbeth, Sarah Siddons comments on how the feminine role of the leading lady is not a typical one as regards attitude Macbeth announces the Kings approach and she, insensible it should ca-ca the appearance _or_ semblance to all the perils which he has encountered in battle, and to all the happiness of his safe sideboard to her, -- for not one kind word of greeting or extolment does she offer, -- is so entirely swallowed up by the horrible design, which has probably been suggested to her by his letters, as to have forgotten both the one and the other. It is very incomparable that Macbeth is frequent in expressions of tenderness to his wife , while she never betrays one omen of affection towards him, till, in the fiery furnace of affliction, her iron heart is melted refine to softness. (56) Fanny Kemble in maam Macbeth finds that the main female role could have ended in madness due to the evil tendencies of the lady Lady Macbeth, even in her sleep, has no qualms of conscience her remorse takes none of the tenderer forms like to repentance, nor the weaker ones allied to fear, from the pursuit of which the tortured soul, seeking where to hide itself, not seldom escapes into the boundless wilderness of madness. A very able article, published whatever years ago in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our annoyance of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had though the unrecognized pre ssure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare contradict the essence that the female protagonist is all strength Lady Macbeth is of a better and more delicate nature. Having fixed her eye upon the end - the attainment for her save of Duncans crown - she accepts the inevitable means she nerves herself for the terrible nights work by artificial stimulants yet she cannot strike the sleeping king who resembles her father.

To His Coy Mistress Essay: The Carpe Diem Motif -- His Coy Mistress Es

The Carpe Diem Motif in To His Coy Mi song   Seize the day. For cavalier poets, there seemed to be minuscular else they found nearly as interesting write about than the carpe diem concept. The bound of carpe diem poetry is generally consistent, almost to the point of being predictable. Though Andrew Marvell worked with the like concepts, his modifications to them were well-considered. In To His Coy Mistress, Marvell makes use of allusion, metaphor, and grand imagery in hostelry to convey a mood of majestic endurance and innovatively explicate the carpe diem motif.   old carpe diem poems (such as those written by Robert Herrick at the uniform snip period) oft took an apostrophic form and style which stressed the temporality of youth. The logical concomitant was to urge the recipient of the poem to catch advantage of that youth to upgrade her relationship with the narrator. They were often dark and melancholy in theme, underneath a light exterior of euphony and spr ingtime images (perhaps to urge consideration of the winter to come).   Marvell chooses not to employ many of these techniques in the opening of To His Coy Mistress. Instead, his images and tools stress how he wishes his pick out to be- tranquil and drawn out. Rather than beginning with a focus on the concept of closing, he opens the poem with the lines, Had we but macrocosm enough, and time / This coyness, lady, were no crime (ll. 1-2) He will later take on the trappings of the carpe diem poem, but his focus will then be on the grandeur and passion of love, rather than its instability.   To begin to slow the characterization of time in his poem, Marvell makes reference to past and future events on a grand scale. His allusions to religious scriptur... ...it becomes easy to say death is coming, so we should love without any particular impact behind the thought. Now, by contrasting the election to love caught in time, Marvell demonifies time to be a tyrant, slowly sid esplitting us all. He then states that an escape from and method of fighting against time is to love with a passion and defy his aging effect (ll. 40-46).   By rethinking the carpe diem theme, Andrew Marvell makes his point more(prenominal) effectively than many other poets working with the same ideas. Using the methods described above, he makes the ideal scene of timelessness more concrete, so that when it is swept away the alternative seems all the more stimulate and imperative. In this way he recreates a feature of real life- death is imperative, but trivialities can often make it seem distant. Invariably, however, it will tell apart us all.    

The Historic Turn in Western Thought :: Philosophy Kant History Papers

The Historic Turn in Western mentation well-nigh philosophers have noted the linguistic turn at the ratiocination of the 19th century. Few, if any, have noted the historical turn in the be later(a)d seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Living in a clock of anxiety in which the universe and life present bothers to be solved, the problem for this paper can be stated as Why was biography so imprtant until recently, and is narrative so important now? I seek the advent of irrationalism in order to provide some explanation for the re-sentencing of story for history. Some find the founts of modern humanism in Giovanni Pico della Mirandolas sway that human beings have been given the wonderfully unique ability to acquire for themselves. notwithstanding Pico still limited the options for humankind to provisions of the traditional class-conscious ontology of the Middle Ages. Thus, for him, the journey of humankind to itself was not a historical one, nevertheless rather th e choice between a vertical descent into vegetal or brute state of being, or a mystical emanation along the hierarchy to the angelic or even divine level. But current thought relinquished this hierarchy in favour of a human centred teleology, framing the ontology in between nature (individuality, non-rationality) as the origin and culture (reason, the social) as its outcome. Thus the ontology became historicised from Defoe, Lessing, Rousseau, through Kant down to Marx. In irrationalism this became a mythical movement remaining within the non-rational, as in Nietzsche, and Mussolini, and lastly story, as in Virginia Woolff, and films such as Dead Poets Society and A River Runs Through It, or New Age neo-romanticism. From Hierarchy to HistoryMost philosophers have noted the linguistic turn at the end of the nineteenth century. Few have noted the historic turn in the late seventeen early eighteenth century With modern humanism the traditional, normative, stratified ontology was repl aced by a human centered ontology. This ontology was teleologically human centered it concentrate in humankind and its (progressive) cultural mastery of nature. Thus the culture-nature dialectic became the newly historical ontology. The transformation of a hierarchical ontology ( condenseed in the supreme good) into a human-centered teleological one, can be characterized as the historic turn. Modern humanism substituted the Medieval supratemporal focalise on the divine with a focus in human rationality itself. Knowing full well that domain beings are factually not in rational control of the world, this focus was constructed in terms of a historical teleology.